1. Introduction to Computer Networks:

   • Definition: A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices that can share data and resources.

   • Purpose: Facilitating communication and resource sharing among computers.

2. Types of Networks:

   • Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN).

   • Internet: A global network of networks.

3. Network Topologies:

   • Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, and Hybrid topologies.

   • Impact on network performance, reliability, and scalability.

4. Networking Protocols:

   • TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): Foundation of the internet.

   • OSI Model: Seven-layer model for understanding network protocols and communication.

5. Data Transmission and Media:

   • Transmission Media: Wired (e.g., Ethernet, fiber optics) and wireless (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth).

   • Bandwidth and Latency: Factors affecting data transmission speed and delay.

6. Network Devices:

   • Routers, Switches, Hubs, Modems, and Access Points.

   • Functions and roles in network infrastructure.

7. IP Addressing and Subnetting:

   • IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes.

   • Subnetting to efficiently allocate IP addresses.

8. Routing and Switching:

   • Routing Protocols: OSPF, BGP, RIP.

   • Switching Techniques: Circuit switching vs. Packet switching.

9. Network Security:

   • Firewalls, Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), Encryption.

   • Common security threats and countermeasures.

10. Wireless Networking:

    • Wi-Fi Standards: 802.11a/b/g/n/ac.

    • Wireless Security: WPA, WPA2, WPA3.

11. Network Management:

    • SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol).

    • Monitoring, troubleshooting, and maintaining network health.

12. Network Services:

    • DNS (Domain Name System), DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).

    • Web services, email, file transfer protocols (FTP).

13. Emerging Technologies:

    • Internet of Things (IoT), 5G Networks, Software-Defined Networking (SDN).

    • Impact on network infrastructure and future trends.

14. Case Studies and Practical Applications:

    • Examining real-world examples of network implementations.

    • Learning from successful network deployments and addressing challenges.

In summary, the computer networks unit provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the principles and technologies that govern the communication and connectivity of computer systems. From fundamental concepts to practical applications, students learn about the design, implementation, and management of computer networks, preparing them for roles in networking, IT infrastructure, and related fields.